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pages/02.linux/23.guides/02.arch/default.en.md
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pages/02.linux/23.guides/02.arch/default.en.md
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---
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title: Arch
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---
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## Keyboard layout
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`loadkeys de_CH-latin1`
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## Check UEFI mode
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If the following command works, the system is booted in EFI.
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`ls /sys/firmware/efi/efivars`
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## Verify internet connection
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`ping www.realstickman.net`
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## Update system clock
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`timedatectl set-ntp true`
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## Creating partitions
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`cfdisk`
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Use `EFI System` for EFI partition
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Use `Linux filesystem` for other partitions
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## (LUKS) Create encrypted partition
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*Note: Do not put your /efi partition on an encrypted partition!*
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Create encrypted Partition
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`cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/(partition) --type luks1`
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To view if this worked correctly
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`cryptsetup luksDump /dev/(partition)`
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Open the partition
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Give it a fitting name
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`cryptsetup open /dev/(partition) (name)`
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Check if this worked with `ls /dev/mapper/`
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The name should show up there
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## Format partitions
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Fat 32:
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`mkfs.fat -F32 /dev/(partition)`
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*For EFI or BOOT partition*
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Ext4:
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`mkfs.ext4 /dev/(partition)`
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*All other partitions*
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btrfs:
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`mkfs.btrfs /dev/(partition)`
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*All other partitions*
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F2FS:
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`mkfs.f2fs -O extra_attr,inode_checksum,sb_checksum,compression /dev/(partition)`
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*All other partitions*
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## Mounting partitions
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Generally partitions have to be mounted where you will later use them in your system.
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BTRFS with its subvolumes is a special case
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For EFI, prefer the /efi mountpoint
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```
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Root: /mnt
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EFI: /mnt/efi or /mnt/boot
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Home: /mnt/home
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etc...
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```
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### (BTRFS) Btrfs preparation of subvolumes and mounting
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Mount root partition
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`mount /dev/(partition) /mnt`
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Root subvolume
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`btrfs subv create /mnt/@`
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Home subvolume
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`btrfs subv create /mnt/@home`
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Snapshots subvolume for snapper
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`btrfs subv create /mnt/@snapshots`
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Snapshots subvolume for timeshift
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`btrfs subv create /mnt/@timeshift`
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Var subvolume
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`btrfs subv create /mnt/@var_log`
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*If you want to use a swapfile with Snapper, create a new subvolume now*
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Swap subvolume
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`btrfs subv create /mnt/@swap`
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`umount /mnt`
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Mount root
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`mount -o noatime,compress-force=zstd,space_cache=v2,subvol=@ /dev/(partition) /mnt`
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With /efi
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`mkdir -p /mnt/{efi,home,.snapshots,var/log,swap}`
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With /boot
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`mkdir -p /mnt/{boot,home,.snapshots,var/log,swap}`
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With /boot and timeshift
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`mkdir -p /mnt/{boot,home,timeshift-btrfs,var/log,swap}`
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Mount home
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`mount -o noatime,compress-force=zstd,space_cache=v2,subvol=@home /dev/(partition) /mnt/home`
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Mount snapshots for snapper
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`mount -o noatime,compress-force=zstd,space_cache=v2,subvol=@snapshots /dev/(partition) /mnt/.snapshots`
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Mount snapshots for timeshift
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`mount -o noatime,compress-force=zstd,space_cache=v2,subvol=@timeshift /dev/(partition) /mnt/timeshift-btrfs`
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Mount var
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`mount -o noatime,compress-force=zstd,space_cache=v2,subvol=@var_log /dev/(partition) /mnt/var/log`
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Swap subvolume
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`mount -o noatime,compress-force=zstd,space_cache=v2,subvol=@swap /dev/(partition) /mnt/swap`
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**Don't forget mounting other partitions!!**
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### (F2FS) Mounting
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Mount partition with compression algorithm specified
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`mount -o compress_algorithm=zstd /dev/(partition) /mnt`
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With /efi
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`mkdir -p /mnt/efi`
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With /boot
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`mkdir -p /mnt/boot`
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**Don't forget mounting other partitions!!**
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## Swap
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### Swap partition
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TODO
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### Swapfile
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#### Normal way
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**NOT FOR BTRFS!**
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`dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/swapfile bs=1M count=(size) status=progress`
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#### (BTRFS) Swapfile in btrfs
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*Does not work with snapper*
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*Use a separate subvolume in that case*
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`truncate -s 0 /mnt/swapfile`
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`chattr +C /mnt/swapfile`
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`btrfs property set /mnt/swapfile compression none`
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`fallocate -l (size)M /mnt/swapfile`
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#### Initialising swapfile
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`chmod 600 /mnt/swapfile`
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`mkswap /mnt/swapfile`
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`swapon /mnt/swapfile`
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## Essential packages
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Some things like the userspace utilities for file management will vary.
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See [file systems](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/File_systems#Types_of_file_systems)
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`pacstrap /mnt base linux linux-firmware vim git openssh networkmanager network-manager-applet dialog base-devel linux-headers`
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### Microcode
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`amd-ucode`
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`intel-ucode`
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### Filesystems
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Fat32:
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`dosfstools mtools`
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Ext4:
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`e2fsprogs`
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Btrfs:
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`btrfs-progs compsize`
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F2FS:
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`f2fs-tools`
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### Wifi
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`wpa_supplicant`
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### Snapper
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`snapper`
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### Certificates
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`ca-certificates ca-certificates-mozilla`
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### other
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`cups hplip xdg-utils xdg-user-dirs inetutils`
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## Generate fstab
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`genfstab -U /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab`
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**Make sure the fstab file has everything included**
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## Chroot into the system
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`arch-chroot /mnt`
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## Set timezone
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`ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Zurich /etc/localtime`
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## Set hardware clock
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`hwclock --systohc`
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## Set locale
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`vim /etc/locale.gen`
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Uncomment the locales that should be generated.
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Make sure to use a UTF-8 entry.
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`locale-gen`
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`echo "LANG=de_CH.UTF-8" > /etc/locale.conf`
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## Set keymap permanently
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`echo "KEYMAP=de_CH-latin1" > /etc/vconsole.conf`
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## Set hostname
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`echo "(hostname)" > /etc/hostname`
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Edit `/etc/hosts`
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```
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127.0.0.1 localhost
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::1 localhost
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127.0.1.1 (hostname).localdomain (hostname)
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```
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## Change root password
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`passwd`
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## Bootloader installation
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### GRUB UEFI
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`pacman -S grub efibootmgr`
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If you are using encryption, see the next section first. **Make sure to come back here again though**
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`grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=(efi partition mountpoint) --bootloader-id=GRUB`
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`grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg`
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#### (LUKS) Encryption with /efi
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Create keyfile and add it to mkinitcpio.conf
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`dd bs=512 count=4 if=/dev/random of=/crypto_keyfile.bin iflag=fullblock`
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`chmod 600 /crypto_keyfile.bin`
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**This command should be run after installing a new kernel!**
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`chmod 600 /boot/initramfs-linux*`
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`cryptsetup luksAddKey /dev/(partition) /crypto_keyfile.bin`
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Include the file in `/etc/mkinitcpio.conf`
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`FILES=(/crypto_keyfile.bin)`
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Edit the `HOOKS` section as well. *Example:*
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`HOOKS=(base udev autodetect keyboard keymap modconf block encrypt filesystems fsck)`
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`mkinitcpio -p linux`
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Edit `/etc/default/grub`
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`GRUB_ENABLE_CRYPTODISK=y`
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Some options in `GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT`
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**Make sure to change /dev/(partition) to UUID ASAP!**
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*Not sure how to actually do that though, will have to read some more.*
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`cryptdevice=/dev/(partition):(name)`
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`cryptkey=/dev/mapper/(name):(filesystem):/crypto_keyfile.bin`
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**Go back and install grub!!**
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#### (LUKS) Encryption with /boot
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Edit the `HOOKS` section in `/etc/mkinitcpio.conf` *Example:*
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`HOOKS=(base udev autodetect keyboard keymap modconf block encrypt filesystems fsck)`
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`mkinitcpio -p linux`
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Next, edit `/etc/default/grub`
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Add an option in `GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT`
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**Make sure to change /dev/(partition) to UUID ASAP!**
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*Not sure how to actually do that though, will have to read some more.*
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`cryptdevice=/dev/(partition):(name)`
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**Go back and install grub!!**
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## Mkinitcpio
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### BTRFS
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Load required modules
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`vim /etc/mkinitcpio.conf`
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`MODULES=(btrfs)`
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`BINARIES=("/usr/bin/btrfs")`
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`mkinitcpio -p linux`
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**Go back and install grub!!**
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### EXT4
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### F2FS
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## Networking
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`systemctl enable NetworkManager`
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## (CUPS) Printing
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`systemctl enable cups`
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## Add user
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`useradd -mG wheel (user)`
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Set password
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`passwd (user)`
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### Enable sudo
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`visudo`
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Uncomment `%wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL`
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## Finishing installation
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`exit`
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`poweroff`
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Remove the installation cd
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## (Snapper) Setup
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`# umount /.snapshots`
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`# rm -r /.snapshots`
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Create snapper config
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`# snapper -c root create-config /`
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Delete unneeded volume
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`# btrfs subv del /.snapshots/`
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`# mkdir /.snapshots`
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Mount snapshots volume
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`# mount -a`
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`# chmod 750 /.snapshots`
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`# vim /etc/snapper/configs/root`
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Change these things:
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`ALLOW_USERS="(user)"`
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```
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TIMELINE_LIMIT_HOURLY="5"
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TIMELINE_LIMIT_DAILY="7"
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TIMELINE_LIMIT_WEEKLY="0"
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TIMELINE_LIMIT_MONTHLY="0"
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TIMELINE_LIMIT_YEARLY="0"
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```
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Enable snapper
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`# systemctl enable --now snapper-timeline.timer`
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`# systemctl enable --now snapper-cleanup.timer`
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Allow user to access snapshots
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`# chmod a+rx /.snapshots`
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`# chown :(user) /.snapshots`
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## Install AUR helper
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### yay
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```
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git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/yay.git
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cd yay
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makepkg -si
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```
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### paru
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```
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git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/paru.git
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cd paru
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makepkg -si
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```
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## (Snapper) Snap pac and GUI
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`$ paru -S snap-pac-grub snapper-gui`
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