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Add NixOS installation guide

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---
title: NixOS
visible: true
---
[toc]
## Change to Root user
```sh
sudo su
```
## Keyboard Layout
```sh
loadkeys de_CH-latin1
```
## Check UEFI mode
If the following command works, the system is booted in EFI.
```sh
ls /sys/firmware/efi/efivars
```
## Verify internet connection
```sh
ping wiki.exu.li
```
## Creating partitions
```sh
cfdisk
```
Use `EFI System` for EFI partition
Use `Linux filesystem` for other partitions
## (LUKS) Create encrypted partition
_Note: Do not put your /efi or /boot partition on an encrypted partition!_
Create encrypted Partition
`cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/(partition)`
To view if this worked correctly
`cryptsetup luksDump /dev/(partition)`
Open the partition
Give it a fitting name
`cryptsetup open /dev/(partition) (name)`
Check if this worked with `ls /dev/mapper/`
The name should show up there
## Format partitions
_For EFI or BOOT partition_
Fat 32:
`mkfs.fat -F32 /dev/(partition)`
_All other partitions_
btrfs:
`mkfs.btrfs /dev/(partition)`
## Mounting partitions
Generally partitions have to be mounted where you will later use them in your system.
BTRFS with its subvolumes is a special case
```
Root: /mnt
EFI: /mnt/boot
Home: /mnt/home
etc...
```
### Boot partition
```sh
mkdir /mnt/boot
mount /dev/(partition) /mnt/boot
```
### [BTRFS] Btrfs preparation of subvolumes and mounting
Mount root partition
```sh
mount /dev/(partition) /mnt
```
```sh
btrfs subvolume create /mnt/root
btrfs subvolume create /mnt/home
btrfs subvolume create /mnt/nix
btrfs subvolume create /mnt/swap
```
```sh
umount /mnt
```
```sh
mount -o compress=zstd,subvol=root /dev/(partition) /mnt
mkdir /mnt/{boot,home,nix,swap}
mount -o compress=zstd,subvol=home /dev/(partition) /mnt/home
mount -o compress=zstd,noatime,subvol=nix /dev/(partition) /mnt/nix
mount -o noatime,subvol=swap /dev/(partition) /mnt/swap
```
**Don't forget mounting other partitions!!**
## Swap
### Swapfile
#### [BTRFS] Swapfile on btrfs
```sh
truncate -s 0 /mnt/swap/swapfile
chattr +C /mnt/swap/swapfile
btrfs property set /mnt/swap/swapfile compression none
fallocate -l (size)M /mnt/swap/swapfile
```
#### Initialising swapfile
```sh
chmod 600 /mnt/swap/swapfile
mkswap /mnt/swap/swapfile
swapon /mnt/swap/swapfile
```
## Generate initial config
```sh
nixos-generate-config --root /mnt
```
## Modify config file
```nix
{ config, pkgs, ... }:
let
user = "exu";
hostname = "nixos";
in
{
# systemd-boot configuration limit
boot.loader.systemd-boot.configurationLimit = 5;
# Define hostname
networking.hostName = "${hostname}";
# time zone
time.timeZone = "Europe/Zurich";
# default locale
i18n.defaultLocale = "de_CH.UTF-8";
# TTY keymap
console = {
keyMap = "de_CH-latin1";
};
# Enable X11
services.xserver = {
enable = true;
#displayManager.defaultSession = "none+hyprland";
displayManager.lightdm = {
enable = true;
greeters.gtk.enable = true;
};
windowManager.openbox = {
enable = true;
};
};
# TODO figure out how to get this working in the ISO
# Hyprland
#programs.hyprland = {
# enable = true;
#};
# X11 keymap
services.xserver.layout = "ch";
# CUPS
services.printing.enable = true;
# Pipewire
security.rtkit.enable = true;
services.pipewire = {
enable = true;
alsa.enable = true;
alsa.support32Bit = true;
pulse.enable = true;
# If you want to use JACK applications, uncomment this
#jack.enable = true;
};
# Enable touchpad support
services.xserver.libinput.enable = true;
# Enable fish shell for nix
programs.fish.enable = true;
# Create user with initial password
users.users.${user} = {
isNormalUser = true;
extraGroups = [ "wheel" "video" "audio" "networkmanager" "lp" "scanner" ];
initialPassword = "pass";
shell = pkgs.fish;
};
# System installed packages
environment.systemPackages = with pkgs; [
vim
wget
];
# Allow unfree packages
nixpkgs.config.allowUnfree = true;
# Enable SSH server
services.openssh.enable = true;
```
### [BTRFS] Mount options
Mount options are not automatically detected and have to be readded manually to their respective filesystems. As the hardware-config file is automatically generated, we have to add the relevant options in our main config file.
```nix
# BTRFS options
fileSystems = {
"/".options = [ "compress=zstd" ];
"/home".options = [ "compress=zstd" ];
"/nix".options = [ "compress=zstd" "noatime" ];
"/swap".options = [ "noatime" ];
};
```
> [NixOS Wiki BTRFS](https://nixos.wiki/wiki/Btrfs#Compression)
### Swapfile configuration
The swapfile is not automatically detected either and has to be specified in the configuration file.
```nix
swapDevices = [ { device = "/swap/swapfile"; } ];
```
## Modify hardware config file
```nix
networking.useDHCP = lib.mkDefault false;
networking.interfaces.(interface).useDHCP = lib.mkDefault true;
```
## Installation
**NOTE:** Hyprland is not yet in any stable release of NixOS and needs to be specified later maybe?
```sh
nixos-install
```
You will be prompted to set a password for the root user.
## Upgrade to unstable
From the installed system, run the following commands to change to the unstable channel.
Note that using `sudo` is required to change the system channel.
```sh
sudo nix-channel --add https://nixos.org/channels/nixos-unstable nixos
```
And rebuild the system
_Before rebuilding it is possible to reenable the previously commented config for `Hyprland`_
```nix
# Hyprland
programs.hyprland = {
enable = true;
};
```
Rebuild with upgrading packages
```sh
sudo nixos-rebuild switch --upgrade
```
Rebuild without upgrading packages
```sh
sudo nixos-rebuild switch
```
## Usefull commands
Install single package as user
```sh
nix-env -iA nixos.(package)
```
Uninstall single user package
```sh
nix-env -e (package)
```
Rebuild and upgrade nix config
```sh
nixos-rebuild switch --upgrade
```
Collect and delete old packages
```sh
nix-collect-garbage --delete-old
nix-collect-garbage
nix-collect-garbage -d
```
List generations
```sh
nix-env --list-generations
```
Delete generations
```sh
nix-env --delete-generations (gen1) (gen2) # generation gen1 and gen2
nix-env --delete-generations 7d # older than 7 days
```
## Automatisms
Automatic upgrades
```nix
# Enable automatic package upgrades
system.autoUpgrade = {
enable = true;
channel = "https://nixos.org/channels/nixos-unstable";
};
```
Automatic garbage collection
```nix
# Enable automatic garbage collection
nix = {
settings.auto-optimise-store = true;
gc = {
automatic = true;
dates = "weekly";
options = "--delete-older-than 7d";
};
};
```
## Home-Manager
Add the Home-Manager channel to NixOS
```sh
sudo nix-channel --add https://github.com/nix-community/home-manager/archive/master.tar.gz home-manager
sudo nix-channel --update
```
Add `<home-manager/nixos>` in the `imports` list of `configuration.nix`
```nix
imports =
[
./hardware-configuration.nix
<home-manager/nixos>
];
```
```nix
home-manager.users.${user} = { pkgs, ... }: {
home.stateVersion = "22.11" # same as the system.stateVersion
home.packages = [
pkgs.firefox
];
};
```